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Planococcus citri
''Planococcus citri'', commonly known as the citrus mealybug, is a species of mealybugs native to Asia. It has been introduced to the rest of the world, including Europe, the Americas, and Oceania, as an agricultural pest. It is associated with citrus, but it attacks a wide range of crop plants, ornamental plants, and wild flora.〔Gill, H. K., et al. (Citrus Mealybug, ''Planococcus citri'' (Risso) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). ) EENY-537. Entomology and Nematology, Florida Cooperative Extension Service. University of Florida IFAS. Published 2012, revised 2013.〕
==Description==
Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic. The adult female citrus mealybug is about long with a white, brownish,〔 or pink〔Kerns, D., et al. (Citrus Mealybug (''Planococcus citri''). ) Citrus Arthropod Pest Management in Arizona. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Tucson.〕 body covered in white wax. The edges of the body are lined with waxy filaments. It has a light gray longitudinal line down its back. Its legs and antennae are brown. The adult female lacks wings and resembles a nymph. The adult male is slightly larger, has long wax filaments on the posterior end of the body, and has functional wings.〔 In flight the male resembles a gnat.〔〔(Citrus Mealybug. ) A Field Guide to Common Texas Insects. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension.〕
The female deposits masses of eggs on plants. The masses, known as ovisacs, are covered in fluffy, cottony layers of wax filaments.〔〔 The ovisac can contain up to 20 shiny yellowish,〔 pink,〔 or amber〔von Ellenrieder, N. (Citrus mealybug (''Planococcus citri''). ) California Department of Food and Agriculture. 2003.〕 eggs each about long. The first-instar nymph is called a crawler. It is yellowish with red eyes and has a wax coating.〔 Crawlers are active and gregarious.〔 The female nymph resembles the adult female, while the male nymph is longer and narrower.〔 As they develop, the female nymph progresses through more instars than the male, and the male undergoes a pre-pupal stage.〔〔Goldasteh, S., et al. (2009). (Effect of temperature on life history and population growth parameters of ''Planococcus citri'' (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) on coleus (''Solenostemon scutellarioides'' (L.) Codd.). ) ''Archives of Biological Sciences'' 61(2), 329-36.〕 The male constructs a cottony cocoon for pupation, and the female does not.〔
The citrus mealybug looks very similar to the vine mealybug (''Planococcus ficus''), and the two species are mainly distinguished by the arrangement of pores and tubular ducts on the tiny body of the female. This similarity can pose a problem in agriculture. For example, when growers are ready to attempt biological pest control of either mealybug, the use of molecular analysis is recommended to confirm the identity of the species so an appropriate parasitoid can be employed.〔Cavalieri, V., et al. (2008). (Identification of ''Planococcus ficus'' and ''Planococcus citri'' (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by PCR-RFLP of COI gene. ) ''Zootaxa'' 1816, 65-68.〕
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